Talking Point

Ganga of Raja Wilson V.K. Joshi In the last issue, I had written that we will learn more about Ganga and her tributaries. Then as per the title, from where does this Raja Wilson fit in? Who was he and what he has to do with our Ganga? I am sure you the readers are also asking the same questions, albeit mentally. As the saying goes, Wilson was an army deserter. He managed to settle in the erstwhile Tehri state and became fabulously rich, as a forest contractor. He became so rich that he introduced his own currency and few nonagenarians around Harsil village, still claim to have ‘Wilson Rupee’ as memento with them. He was still young and very rich when he married a local girl Gulabi. He spent his hey days in Harsil and beyond, reaping a rich harvest of timber from the densely forested slopes. Till late eighties one had to trudge down the gorge of Jadh Ganga to reach the famous Gangotri glacier-the point from where Bhagirathi emerges. While fording the hurtling tributary, high up the pilgrims could still see the remnants of the rope bridge made by Wilson. He became a self-styled Raja. He settled in Mussoorie and constructed a huge, lavish Charleville chateau made of the wood of the trees he had robbed the slopes upstream of Uttarkashi. This chateau now houses the famous training ground/academy for the young civil servants. While his wife lies buried on the watershed between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers, says Bill Aitkin in his famous treatise, ‘Seven Sacred Rivers.’ Ganga, which starts as a tiny drop from the mouth of the Gangotri Glacier, becomes a mighty river by the time it joins Alaknanda at Devprayag. Actually it is the Bhagirathi River that begins its journey from the snout of the Gangotri Glacier. Several rivers join it to give it the form of a roaring cascade of water. Each confluence is known as a Prayagand revered by the pilgrims. Spiritually for us the Hindus, the Ganga is as holy as it used to be since ever. It has attracted mendicants, travelers, businessmen like Raja Wilson and the pilgrims alike since ages. Earlier people had to tread along the footpath on the banks of Ganga to reach the holy shrines. Now apart from roads one has the facility to fly to the holy places. Through this series of articles, you will gradually know whether we have been kind to the River or rather cruel. In today’s main story you will read some of our misdeeds and may be show a better path to the future generation, so far as the Ganga is concerned. For most of us the Ganga is merely a conduit of water. Though in the heart of heart we do revere the River, but remain helpless spectators of the rape of the holy Ganga. The northern plains of India are a gift from the Ganga, Indus and their tributaries. Ganga plains are the largest flood plains in the world. Much of the problems of Ganga are due to ignorance/callousness of the occupants of these plains. The rocks which were carved by the river to make way for her passage yielded such elements that gave self-cleansing properties to Ganga’s water. But this was true only till about five decades ago. The population and industrial pressure were much less on the Ganga and its tributaries in the plains. With a boom of both, the Ganga is virtually clogged. It is time to know what is added by the nature to the flow of Ganga and how? An answer to this question may enlighten the planners and developers of the states like U.P. and Bihar, to save the river from a further doom. Ganga is partially fed by the snowmelt from not only Gangotri but several other glaciers in Uttarakhand and largely by its major tributaries and subsurface aquifers in the plains. South West monsoon is a major controller of Ganga’s discharge. Monitoring stations situated at different places along the course of Ganga show a variation of discharge by a factor of 10-100 says Prof I.B. Singh an expert on alluvial processes. An increased discharge affects the carrying capacity of the river. A river carries what the nature supplies due to weathering and eroding in the catchment area of the river. Physical weathering is important in the Himalayan region but not chemical and as a result dissolved load of the river is generally low; Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) values increase downstream as elements are added from groundwater seepage’ says Prof. Singh. Ganga from its source to the delta traverses a lot of country side. Therefore, what the river will carry and what not depends a lot upon the geology and geomorphology of the terrain through which the river and its tributaries pass. The material which comes in water as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) has lot of impact on the quality of water. The concentration of solids at Gaumukh is 15 mg per liter and it rises to 110 mg per liter at Haridwar. As the Ganga winds its way through Kanpur the TDS content goes further up to 280-350 mg per liter, 260-1060 at Allahabad. It is noteworthy that the major tributary Yamuna joins Ganga at Allahabad. Consequently there is a multifold increase of volume of water and the TDS at Varanasi is reported to be 370 to 490 mg per liter. By the time Ganga travels further downstream of Patna, more rivers join it and the TDS goes down to 220 mg per liter at Munger, 195 mg per liter at Bhagalpur and 165 mg per liter at Rajmahal. Ganga-Brahmaputra system transports about 180 million tons of dissolved solids annually to the Bay of Bengal claims Prof I.B. Singh. The TDS content of the river is also influenced by seepage from groundwater. Sad part is that near urban centers metals, pesticides, DDT and Endosulfan etc. residues rise in the water. Ganga is not a municipal drain-it is a mighty river. The erosive power of the Ganga can be gauged from the fact that it carries one of the highest volumes of sediments to the ocean. As per one the estimates the annual suspended loads of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh is 520 and 540 million tons a year. The load of suspended sediments carried by the River goes on increasing downstream. The process starts from erosion and denudation in the Ganga catchment in the Himalayas and in the plains, during rains when the discharge of the River increases multifold, the upwelling currents scour sediments from the bottom and keep on transporting them downstream. At Farakka near the head of the delta an annual suspended load of sediment discharge of 728 million tons has been recorded. Of which 320 million tons is transported down to Hugli and the rest travels down the main river in to the active delta to join the Brahmaputra. The volume of water rises so much in the Ganga, that during the monsoon about 90% suspended sediment load moves in to the delta region which is estimated to be 600X106-2500X106 tons per year. No wonder Ganga Fan (the ‘fan’ like spread of sediments deposited by the river in the ocean) is the world’s largest Fan! Part of increased sediment load of the River is our own doing. We have hacked forests in the Himalayas with vengeance. It is common sense that the roots of the trees hold soil and check it from slipping down. Alas it is not the case now and consequently the arrival of eroded sediments in the river is enhancing continually. The Ganga sediments have seen a lot of human history and pre-history. Luminescence ages of sediments from the upper interfluves that is northern reaches of the areas between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers has been estimated to be 51000 to 57000 years. The sediments of the active flood plains have given ages of 200 to 500 years. In short, the sand from the River which is extracted blatantly to construct comfortable homes for us is even much older than many of the cities for which it is used. The Ganga River as it flows today in the plains is often taken for granted as if it has been flowing through the same channel and will continue to flow through for the years to come. Recent satellite imageries have shown that not in distant past but between 1914 and 1965 the Ganga at Bijnore has shifted its course by several kilometers. This is a fact which applies to all the rivers of the alluvial plains. Since ancient times these mighty rivers have been changing their course, carving new valleys through their own deposit of sediments, at times leaving the settlements on the banks stranded and at time submerging the existing settlement. The present day Ganga River valley was probably formed during a humid climate phase around 25000 to 35000 years ago. Since it was a wet climate all around, the river was carrying more water and the sediments it carried were much coarser. During lull phases, the River left part of the load of coarse sediments behind. Over a period of time (between 25000 to 15000 years ago) the River began cutting through its own coarser deposits within the valley. This was because of other forces like lowering of the base level of the River as it was eroding faster towards its source and reduced discharge. Once again around 8000 years ago in the early part of the Holocene Period the climate once again changed to a wetter phase. Consequently, the sediment supply to the River increased and the sea levels also rose, the river again started depositing the detritus it carried. Similarly at the delta the process of deposition of detritus and delta building increased. It has been found that the sediment discharge of the Ganga-Brahmaputra system during 7-11000 years before present was twice that deposited in the following 7000 years. Thus delta building was at its peak at that time. It was a complex process all over the plains and the delta. But it lead to formation of huge deposits of coarse sand and gravel, which now lies in the sub-surface and acts as biggest natural reservoir of groundwater. On the delta front, since the river deposited lots of material, some raised land surfaces were formed. These, over a period of time became favorite haunts of human settlements. On the sea front dense mangroves developed, which acted as an interface between the ocean and the land. The human encroachment on the land surfaces available between the channels of the delta resulted in a degradation of the mangroves, which also happen to be the abode of the Royal Bengal Tiger. The land on the delta which has been used for settlement can be reclaimed by the river any time, as it is the River’s domain. A heavy discharge from the upstream can misbalance the tranquility any time, without any notice. Ganga is an ancient river, more ancient than the humanity. The human settlements on the banks of the Ganga have been influenced by the wide expanse of the River and many a customs and cultures have developed around the River. Bathing in the Ganga is considered to be a religious act. Every Hindu calls it Ganga ‘Maiyya’ or mother. Alas, out of 700 small and large cities developed on the banks of the Ganga, many have a huge population. Nearly 62 cities out of these have a population of more than one lakh. Proper disposal of municipal and industrial wastes in these settlements has never been a priority. Consequently the soul cleanser Ganga has been made unfit for even bathing and the groundwater contamination from the polluted waters of the River is also widespread. These apart, construction of bunds, blocking of natural drainage and occupation of local depressions (lakes and water bodies) have made the life difficult in the settlements along the Ganga. Whom do we blame for this? I feel we are largely to be blamed for making a mess of the Ganga. Majority of people blame the respective governments. I fully do not agree to that theory. After all, Ganga or the government does not generate the filth. It is we who do it. The folly of the government is in the delayed implementation of its plans. Moreover, Ganga is not limited to one state only. It is high time that there is a better coordination between the respective states and the Centre in maintaining the condition of the River.